To:	Users
From:	Bob Supnik
Subj:	HP2100 Simulator Usage
Date:	15-Jun-2002

			COPYRIGHT NOTICE

The following copyright notice applies to both the SIMH source and binary:

   Original code published in 1993-2002, written by Robert M Supnik
   Copyright (c) 1993-2002, Robert M Supnik

   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
   copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
   to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
   the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
   and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
   Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
   all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
   IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL
   ROBERT M SUPNIK BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
   IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
   CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

   Except as contained in this notice, the name of Robert M Supnik shall not
   be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings
   in this Software without prior written authorization from Robert M Supnik.

This memorandum documents the HP 2100 simulator.


1. Simulator Files

sim/		sim_defs.h
		scp.c
		scp_tty.c
		sim_rev.c

sim/hp2100/	hp2100_defs.h
		hp2100_cpu.c
		hp2100_fp.c
		hp2100_dp.c
		hp2100_dq.c
		hp2100_dr.c
		hp2100_lp.c
		hp2100_mt.c
		hp2100_ms.c
		hp2100_mux.c
		hp2100_stddev.c
		hp2100_sys.c

2. HP2100 Features

The HP2100 simulator is configured as follows:

device		simulates
name(s)

CPU		2116, 2100, or 21MX CPU with 32KW memory
DMA0, DMA1	dual channel DMA controller
PTR,PTP		12597A paper tape reader/punch
TTY		12631C buffered teleprinter
LPT		12653A line printer
CLK		12539A/B/C time base generator
MUXL,MUXU,MUXC	12920A terminal multiplexor
DP		12557A/13210A disk controller with four drives
DQ		12565A disk controller with two drives
DR		12606A/12610A fixed head disk/drum controller
MT		12559C magnetic tape controller with one drives
MS		13181A magnetic tape controller with four drives

The HP2100 simulator implements several unique stop conditions:

	- decode of an undefined instruction, and STOP_INST is et
	- reference to an undefined I/O device, and STOP_DEV is set
	- more than INDMAX indirect references are detected during
	  memory reference address decoding

The HP2100 loader supports standard absolute binary format.  The DUMP
command is not implemented.

2.1 CPU

CPU options include choice of instruction set and memory size.

	SET CPU 2116		2116 instructions
	SET CPU 2100		2100 instructions
	SET CPU 21MX		21MX instructions
	SET CPU 4K		set memory size = 4K
	SET CPU 8K		set memory size = 8K
	SET CPU 16K		set memory size = 16K
	SET CPU 24K		set memory size = 24K
	SET CPU 32K		set memory size = 32K

If memory size is being reduced, and the memory being truncated contains
non-zero data, the simulator asks for confirmation.  Data in the truncated
portion of memory is lost.  Initial memory size is 32K.

CPU registers include the visible state of the processor as well as the
control registers for the interrupt system.

	name		size	comments

	P		15	program counter
	A		16	A register
	B		16	B register
	X		16	X index register (21MX)
	Y		16	Y index register (21MX)
	S		16	switch/display register
	E		1	extend flag
	O		1	overflow flag
	ION		1	interrupt enable flag
	ION_DEFER	1	interrupt defer flag
	IADDR		6	most recent interrupting device
	MPCTL		1	memory protection enable (2100, 21MX)
	MPFLG		1	memory protection flag (2100, 21MX)
	MPFBF		1	memory protection flag buffer (2100, 21MX)
	MFENCE		15	memory protection fence (2100, 21MX)
	MADDR		16	memory protection error address (2100, 21MX)
	STOP_INST	1	stop on undefined instruction
	STOP_DEV	1	stop on undefined device
	INDMAX		1	indirect address limit
	PCQ[0:63]	15	PC of last JMP, JSB, or interrupt;
				most recent PC change first
	WRU		8	interrupt character

2.2 DMA Controllers

The HP2100 includes two DMA channel controllers (DMA0 and DMA1).  Each
DMA channel has the following visible state:

	name		size	comments

	CMD		1	channel enabled
	CTL		1	interrupt enabled
	FLG		1	channel ready
	FBF		1	channel ready buffer
	CW1		1	command word 1
	CW2		1	command word 2
	CW3		1	command word 3

2.3 Variable Device Assignments

On the HP2100, I/O device take their device numbers from the backplane
slot they are plugged into.  Thus, device number assignments vary
considerably from system to system, and software package to software
package.  The HP2100 simulator supports dynamic device number assignment.
To show the current device number, use the SHOW <dev> DEVNO command:

	sim> SHOW PTR DEV
	device=10

To change the device number, use the SET <dev> DEVNO=<num> command:

	sim> SET PTR DEV=30
	sim> SHOW PTR DEV
	device=30

The new device number must be in the range 010..077 (octal).  For devices
with two device numbers, only the lower numbered device number can be
changed; the higher is automatically set to the lower + 1.  If a
device number conflict occurs, the simulator will return an error
message when started.

In addition, most devices can be enabled or disabled.  To enable a
device, use the SET <dev> ENABLED command:

	sim> SET DP ENABLED

To disable a device, use the SET <dev> DISABLED command:

	sim> SET DP DISABLED

For devices with two device numbers, disabling or enabling one device
in the pair disables or enables the other.

2.4 Programmed I/O Devices

2.4.1 12597A-002 Paper Tape Reader (PTR)

The paper tape reader (PTR) reads data from a disk file.  The POS
register specifies the number of the next data item to be read.
Thus, by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the reader.

The paper tape reader supports the BOOT command.  BOOT PTR copies the
absolute binary loader into memory and starts it running.

The paper tape reader implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CMD		1	reader enable
	CTL		1	device/interrupt enable
	FLG		1	device ready
	FBF		1	device ready buffer
	POS		32	position in the input file
	TIME		24	time from I/O initiation to interrupt
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	out of tape

	end of file	1	report error and stop
			0	out of tape or paper

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.4.2 12597A-005 Paper Tape Punch (PTP)

The paper tape punch (PTP) writes data to a disk file.  The POS
register specifies the number of the next data item to be written.
Thus, by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the punch.

The paper tape punch implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CMD		1	punch enable
	CTL		1	device/interrupt enable
	FLG		1	device ready
	FBF		1	device ready buffer
	POS		32	position in the output file
	TIME		24	time from I/O initiation to interrupt
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	out of tape

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.4.3 12631C Buffered Teleprinter (TTY)

The console teleprinter has three units: keyboard (unit 0), printer
(unit 1), and punch (unit 2).  The keyboard reads from the console
keyboard; the printer writes to the simulator console window.  The
punch writes to a disk file.  The keyboard has one option, UC; when
set, it automatically converts lower case input to upper case.  This
is on by default.

The terminal implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	MODE		16	mode
	CTL		1	device/interrupt enable
	FLG		1	device ready
	FBF		1	device ready buffer
	KPOS		32	number of characters input
	KTIME		24	keyboard polling interval
	TPOS		32	number of characters printed
	TTIME		24	time from I/O initiation to interrupt
	PPOS		32	position in the punch output file
	STOP_IOE	1	punch stop on I/O error

Error handling for the punch is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	out of tape

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.4.4 12653A Line Printer (LPT)

The line printer (LPT) writes data to a disk file.  The POS register
specifies the number of the next data item to be written.  Thus,
by changing POS, the user can backspace or advance the printer.

The line printer implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		8	last data item processed
	CMD		1	printer enable
	CTL		1	device/interrupt enable
	FLG		1	device ready
	FBF		1	device ready buffer
	POS		32	position in the output file
	CTIME		24	time between characters
	PTIME		24	time for a print operation
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     STOP_IOE	processed as

	not attached	1	report error and stop
			0	out of tape or paper

	OS I/O error	x	report error and stop

2.4.5 12539A/B/C Time Base Generator (CLK)

The time base generator (CLK) implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	SEL		3	time base select
	CTL		1	device/interrupt enable
	FLG		1	device ready
	FBF		1	device ready buffer
	ERR		1	error flag
	TIME[0:7]	31	clock intervals, select = 0..7
	DEVNO		6	current device number (read only)

2.4.6 12920A Terminal Multiplexor (MUXL, MUXU, MUXC)

The 12920A is a 16-line terminal multiplexor, with five additional
receive-only diagnostic lines.  It consists of three devices:

	MUX		scanning logic (corresponding more or less
			to the upper data card)
	MUXL		individual lines (corresponding more or
			less to the lower data card)
	MUXC		modem control and status logic (corresponding
			to the control card)

The MUX performs input and output through Telnet sessions connected to a
user-specified port.  The ATTACH command to the scanning logic specifies
the port to be used:

	ATTACH MUX <port>	set up listening port

where port is a decimal number between 1 and 65535 that is not being used
for other TCP/IP activities.

Each line (each unit of MUXL) supports two options.  UC, when set, causes
lower case input characters to be automatically converted to upper case.
DATASET, when set, enables modem control.  By default, UC is on, and
DATASET is off.

The modem controls model a simplified Bell 103A dataset with just four
lines: data terminal ready and request to send from the computer to the
data set, and carrier detect and data set ready from the data set to
the computer.  There is no ring detection.  If data terminal ready is
set when a Telnet connection starts up, then carrier detect and data
set ready are also set.  The connection is established whether data
terminal ready is set or not.

Once MUX is attached and the simulator is running, the multiplexor listens
for connections on the specified port.  It assumes that the incoming
connections are Telnet connections.  The connections remain open until
disconnected either by the Telnet client, a SET MUXL DISCONNECT command,
or a DETACH MUX command.

The SHOW MUX CONNECTIONS command displays the current connections to the
extra terminals.  The SHOW MUX STATISTICS command displays statistics for
active connections.  The SET MUX DISCONNECT=linenumber disconnects the
specified line.

The scanner (MUX) implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	IBUF		16	input buffer, holds line status
	OBUF		16	output buffer, holds channel select

The lines (MUXL) implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	CTL		1	device/interrupt enable
	FLG		1	device ready
	FBF		1	device ready buffer
	STA[0:20]	16	line status, lines 0-20
	RPAR[0:20]	16	receive parameters, lines 0-20
	XPAR[0:15]	16	transmit parameters, lines 0-15
	RBUF[0:20]	8	receive buffer, lines 0-20
	XBUF[0:15]	8	transmit buffer, lines 0-15
	RCHP[0:20]	1	receive character present, lines 0-20
	XDON[0:15]	1	transmit done, lines 0-15
	TIME[0:15]	24	transmit time, lines 0-15

The modem control (MUXM) implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	CTL		1	device/interrupt enable
	FLG		1	device ready
	FBF		1	device ready buffer
	SCAN		1	scan enabled
	CHAN		4	current line
	DSO[0:15]	6	C2,C1,ES2,ES1,SS2,SS1, lines 0-15
	DSI[0:15]	2	S2,S1, lines 0-15


The terminal multiplexor does not support save and restore.  All open
connections are lost when the simulator shuts down or MUXU is detached.

2.5 12557A/13210A Disk Controller (DP)

The 12557A/13210A disk controller can be configured as either a
12557A, supporting 2.5MB drives, or a 13210A, supporting 5MB drives,
with the commands:

	SET DP 12557A		2.5MB drives
	SET DP 13210A		5.0MB drives

Drive types cannot be intermixed; the controller is configured for
one type or the other.

The simulated controller has two separate devices, a data channel and
a device controller.  The data channel includes a 128-word (one sector)
buffer for reads and writes.  The device controller includes the four
disk drives.  Disk drives can be set ONLINE or OFFLINE.

The data channel implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	IBUF		16	input buffer
	OBUF		16	output buffer
	DBUF[0:127]	16	sector buffer
	BPTR		7	sector buffer pointer
	CMD		1	channel enable
	CTL		1	interrupt enable
	FLG		1	channel ready
	FBF		1	channel ready buffer

The device controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	OBUF		16	output buffer
	BUSY		3	busy (unit #, + 1, of active unit)
	RARC		8	record address register cylinder
	RARH		2	record address register head
	RARS		4	record address register sector
	CNT		5	check record count
	CMD		1	controller enable
	CTL		1	interrupt enable
	FLG		1	controller ready
	FBF		1	controller ready buffer
	EOC		1	end of cylinder pending
	CTIME		24	command delay time
	STIME		24	seek delay time, per cylinder
	XTIME		24	interword transfer time
	STA[0:3]	16	drive status, drives 0-3

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     	processed as

	not attached	disk not ready

	end of file	assume rest of disk is zero

	OS I/O error	report error and stop

2.6 12565A Disk Controller (DP)

The 12565A disk controller has two separate devices, a data channel and
a device controller.  The data channel includes a 128-word (one sector)
buffer for reads and writes.  The device controller includes the two
disk drives.  Disk drives can be set ONLINE or OFFLINE.

The data channel implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	IBUF		16	input buffer
	OBUF		16	output buffer
	DBUF[0:127]	16	sector buffer
	BPTR		7	sector buffer pointer
	CMD		1	channel enable
	CTL		1	interrupt enable
	FLG		1	channel ready
	FBF		1	channel ready buffer

The device controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	OBUF		16	output buffer
	BUSY		2	busy (unit #, + 1, of active unit)
	RARC		8	record address register cylinder
	RARH		5	record address register head
	RARS		5	record address register sector
	CNT		5	check record count
	CMD		1	controller enable
	CTL		1	interrupt enable
	FLG		1	controller ready
	FBF		1	controller ready buffer
	EOC		1	end of cylinder pending
	CTIME		24	command delay time
	STIME		24	seek delay time, per cylinder
	XTIME		24	interword transfer time
	STA[0:3]	16	drive status, drives 0-3

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     	processed as

	not attached	disk not ready

	end of file	assume rest of disk is zero

	OS I/O error	report error and stop

2.7 12606A/12610A Fixed Head Disk/Drum Controller (DR)

The 12606A/12610A fixed head disk/drum controller has two separate devices,
a data channel and a device controller.  The device controller includes the
actual drive.  Ten different models are supported:

	SET DR 180K		12606A, 180K words
	SET DR 360K		12606A, 360K words
	SET DR 720K		12606A, 720K words
	SET DR 384K		12610A, 384K words
	SET DR 512K		12610A, 512K words
	SET DR 640K		12610A, 640K words
	SET DR 768K		12610A, 768K words
	SET DR 896K		12610A, 896K words
	SET DR 1024K		12610A, 1024K words
	SET DR 1536K		12610A, 1536K words 

The data channel implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	IBUF		16	input buffer
	OBUF		16	output buffer
	CMD		1	channel enable
	CTL		1	interrupt enable
	FLG		1	channel ready
	FBF		1	channel ready buffer
	BPTR		6	sector buffer pointer

The device controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	CW		16	command word
	STA		16	status
	CMD		1	controller enable
	CTL		1	interrupt enable
	FLG		1	controller ready
	FBF		1	controller ready buffer
	TIME		24	interword transfer time
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error	     	processed as

	not attached	disk not ready

2.8 12559C Magnetic Tape (MT)

Magnetic tape options include the ability to make the unit write enabled
or write locked.

	SET MT LOCKED		set unit write locked
	SET MT WRITEENABLED	set unit write enabled

The 12559C mag tape drive has two separate devices, a data channel and
a device controller.  The data channel includes a maximum record sized
buffer for reads and writes.  The device controller includes the tape
unit.

The data channel implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	FLG		1	channel ready
	DBUF[0:65535]	8	transfer buffer
	BPTR		16	buffer pointer (reads and writes)
	BMAX		16	buffer size (writes)

The device controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	FNC		8	current function
	STA		9	tape status
	BUF		8	buffer
	CTL		1	interrupt enabled
	FLG		1	controller ready
	FBF		1	controller ready buffer
	DTF		1	data transfer flop
	FSVC		1	first service flop
	POS		32	magtape position
	CTIME		24	command delay time
	XTIME		24	interword transfer delay time
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error			processed as

	not attached		tape not ready

	end of file		(read or space) end of physical tape
				(write) ignored

	OS I/O error		report error and stop

2.9 13181A Magnetic Tape (MS)

Magnetic tape options include the ability to make the unit write enabled
or write locked.

	SET MT LOCKED		set unit write locked
	SET MT WRITEENABLED	set unit write enabled

The 13181A mag tape drive has two separate devices, a data channel and
a device controller.  The data channel includes a maximum record sized
buffer for reads and writes.  The device controller includes the tape
units.

The data channel implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	BUF		16	data buffer
	CTL		1	interrupt enabled
	FLG		1	channel ready
	FBF		1	channel ready buffer
	DBUF[0:65535]	8	transfer buffer
	BPTR		17	buffer pointer (reads and writes)
	BMAX		17	buffer size (writes)

The device controller implements these registers:

	name		size	comments

	STA		12	tape status
	BUF		16	buffer
	USEL		2	currently selected unit
	FSVC		1	first service flop
	CTL		1	interrupt enabled
	FLG		1	controller ready
	FBF		1	controller ready buffer
	POS[0:3]	32	magtape position
	CTIME		24	command delay time
	XTIME		24	interword transfer delay time
	STOP_IOE	1	stop on I/O error

Error handling is as follows:

	error			processed as

	not attached		tape not ready

	end of file		(read or space) end of physical tape
				(write) ignored

	OS I/O error		report error and stop

2.10 Symbolic Display and Input

The HP2100 simulator implements symbolic display and input.  Display is
controlled by command line switches:

	-a			display as ASCII character
	-c			display as two character string
	-m			display instruction mnemonics

Input parsing is controlled by the first character typed in or by command
line switches:

	' or -a			ASCII character
	" or -c			two character sixbit string
	alphabetic		instruction mnemonic
	numeric			octal number

Instruction input uses standard HP2100 assembler syntax.  There are seven
instruction classes: memory reference, I/O, shift, alter skip, extended
shift, extended memory reference, extended two address reference.

Memory reference instructions have the format

	memref {C/Z} address{,I}

where I signifies indirect, C a current page reference, and Z a zero page
reference.  The address is an octal number in the range 0 - 077777; if C or
Z is specified, the address is a page offset in the range 0 - 01777.  Normally,
C is not needed; the simulator figures out from the address what mode to use.
However, when referencing memory outside the CPU (eg, disks), there is no
valid PC, and C must be used to specify current page addressing.

IOT instructions have the format

	io device{,C}

where C signifies that the device flag is to be cleared.  The device is an
octal number in the range 0 - 77.

Shift and alter/skip instructions have the format

	sub-op sub-op sub-op...

The simulator checks that the combination of sub-opcodes is legal.

Extended shift instructions have the format

	extshift count

where count is an octal number in the range 1 - 020.

Extended memory reference instructions have the format

	extmemref address{,I}

where I signifies indirect addressing.  The address is an octal number in
the range 0 - 077777.

Extended two address instructions have the format

	ext2addr addr1{,I},addr2{,I}

where I signifies indirect addressing.  Both address 1 and address 2 are
octal numbers in the range 0 - 077777.
